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Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice
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Patterns of Community-Based End-of-Life Care in Rural Areas of the United States

Elizabeth A. Madigan, PhD, RN, FAAN

Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, elizabeth.madigan{at}case.edu

Clareen A. Wiencek, PhD, RN, CNP

Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio

Ann L. Vander Schrier, MS

Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio

There is relatively little empirical data on the supply of community-based end-of-life (EOL) providers especially in rural areas despite projections for growth. This study examined the availability of community-based EOL providers in eight states using mapping techniques and statistical approaches. Analysis of variance and geographic information system approaches were used to compare the availability of community-based EOL providers at the county level by degree of rurality. Examining numbers of rural counties by provider, it was found that hospices were the least available community-based EOL providers in rural counties with 62% to 92% of rural counties not having hospice providers (exception: Vermont). When examining the number of providers by population older than 65 years, few differences were found. It is concluded that there are substantially fewer hospice providers in the most rural areas, raising issues of access to care. Examination of both unadjusted and adjusted numbers of providers is important to understand community-based EOL provider supply.

Key Words: end-of-life care • hospice • home health care • skilled nursing facility care • rural health

Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice, Vol. 10, No. 1, 71-81 (2009)
DOI: 10.1177/1527154409333861
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